This study highlights key differences in brain ageing between Singaporeans and Caucasians, with Singaporean males showing a delayed onset but accelerated brain volume decline after mid-life, while Singaporean females experience a steady decline. In contrast, Caucasian males and females exhibit more linear patterns of decline, with females showing a possible hormonal influence.

The findings emphasize the need for population-specific brain templates and volumetric analysis tools for accurate diagnosis and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases. The rapid decline in Singaporeans suggests the importance of early screening and preventive interventions, especially before mid-life. Gender-specific strategies are also necessary due to distinct ageing patterns.

The study advocates for personalized medicine, with brain ageing models tailored to specific populations and genders. Further research using advanced imaging techniques will improve early diagnosis and treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, these advancements, along with AI-driven neuroimaging tools, can enhance early detection, prevent cognitive decline, and provide targeted treatment, ultimately improving health outcomes in ageing populations globally.