This study provides valuable insights into the occurrence and morphometric characteristics of EOP and its potential applications in age and sex estimation. It presents for the first time the measured values for EOP's angle, height, and base width, and highlights the significant differences in these parameters between age groups and genders. The study also explores the potential factors contributing to EOP enlargement, such as mechanical stress from head protraction, which could be linked to smartphone usage, though no definitive correlation was found in this study.

The study builds on prior research, which has reported an increasing prevalence of larger EOPs in younger populations [3]. However, this study extends previous findings by demonstrating that EOP enlargement is also observed in older individuals. The study confirmed the gender-based differences in EOP types, with females having more prominent Type I EOPs, while Type III was more common in males. These findings align with previous literature and offer further insight into the potential role of EOP characteristics in forensic applications [4].

While some studies have suggested a link between smartphone use and EOP enlargement, this study did not find any significant correlation between mobile phone usage and EOP types in the participants. The study also examined the relationship between EOP features and sex and age prediction, finding that the EOP could be a useful feature for determining both sex and age groups, particularly in females. The study's findings emphasize the importance of population-specific approaches in forensic and bioarchaeological research.

Strengths of the study include its large sample size, comprehensive age groupings, and inclusion of previously unexplored morphometric parameters related to the EOP. Limitations include the absence of data on smartphone usage, which could have further elucidated potential correlations. Overall, the results have significant implications for forensic medicine and radiological procedures, providing valuable guidelines for estimating age and sex from skeletal remains.